Wasseem

A portion of his profession moves Include filling in as an organist to the Duke of Whimper from 1708 to 1 71 7, moving to Cotton to e the pioneer of an ensemble to Prince Leopold from 1717 to 1 723, and afterward Bach was selected Cantor of the SST Thomas School. By 1725, he has composed 2 complete patterns of cantatas. By 1729 he has composed 4 complete patterns of cantatas (200 cantatas! ). In 1748, Bach was losing his visual perception and in the end went dazzle. He passed on in 1750 at the age of 65.Bach's Lutheran confidence was a significant part of his music life, wherein he composes â€Å"To the Glory of God† in a large number of his works. He was an ace of contrapuntal expressions and made the all around tempered tuning framework we use right up 'til the present time. In the course of his life Bach has made more than 1000 melodic works. Introduction and Fugue in C minor Is a melody In Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier written In 1722. It contains 24 preface and fugue which shows the Well-Tempered tuning framework that Bach help create.The Well-Tempered tuning Is not accurate, which makes It conceivable to play every one of the 12 significant and minor keys-which was never done. The Prelude in C minor beginnings with quick sixteenth notes in unending movement. A monophonic connection occurs in measure 25 which prompts exacting impersonation until measure 28. After, it comes back with quick 1 sixth notes in referral movement followed by a 2 measure cadenza-like section beginning on measure 34.Near the finish of the Prelude there is a tonic pedal point and afterward the preface closes with a Picador finishing (a minor piece finishing with a tonic significant set of three) from C minor to C major. The Fugue starts with a subject made out of 1 sixth and eighth notes. At that point there Is a song In the predominant key with slight change called the apparent answer. The tune proceeds with the countermeasure. The center segment Is felled with successive mat erial In which the subject Is missing. The tonic pedal shows up In the end and the subject Is played one keep going and finishes on E characteristic.

Free Essays on Dowry System

Share SYSTEM In today’s society our convictions are unique in relation to they were during the Elizabethan period. Today, individuals accept that we live in brilliant ages and were preferable of now over we ever were. There are numerous realities that could refute that conviction. Take for instance the endowment framework. It was intended to give the recently marries security and fundamental needs. Today’s society and particularly western one would state that this framework was cold and disparaging to ladies. I imagine that there is not much and disparaging about it, and I likewise know a lot of individuals who wished they had settlement framework before they got hitched. One of those individuals is my significant other which I totally concur with since I recognize what we went through. In addition to the fact that we were living in a remote nation we were down and out and our folks didn’t bolster us. On all that we needed to get hitched with nothing else except for adoration. I truly wish we had an endowment framework, what number of issues would have been understood and how much time would have been spared. Be that as it may, hello everybody merits an exercise throughout everyday life and we took in our own. Love isn't sufficient to get hitched on. Love must be a piece of something greater to work in any case that adoration will end. That’s why I feel that we as society ought to make a share framework so as to make our relationships work. We need something that will cut off the separation and secure the associations. I recommend that we make an obligatory law that says all individuals paying little mind to sex, race, or religion need to open an exceptional record at age 14 and the record must be open for at any rate 4 years. During those 4 years the state must take out 5 % of your check either yours or your folks/watchman paying little heed to what sort of salary it is. You can’t contact the cash until you’re wedded and no uncommon conditions or exceptional treatment for anybody, and if neither you nor your folks have any pay you shouldn’t wed until you do. To be perfectly honest I can’t see w... Free Essays on Dowry System Free Essays on Dowry System Endowment SYSTEM In today’s society our convictions are not quite the same as they were during the Elizabethan time. Today, individuals accept that we live in brilliant ages and were preferable of now over we ever were. There are numerous realities that could refute that conviction. Take for instance the share framework. It was intended to furnish the recently marries with security and fundamental needs. Today’s society and particularly western one would state that this framework was cold and belittling to ladies. I feel that there is not much and disparaging about it, and I additionally know a lot of individuals who wished they had endowment framework before they got hitched. One of those individuals is my better half which I totally concur with since I realize what we went through. In addition to the fact that we were living in a remote nation we were poor and our folks didn’t bolster us. On all that we needed to get hitched with nothing else except for adoration. I truly wish we had an endowment framework, what number of issues would have been comprehended and how much time would have been spared. In any case, hello everybody merits an exercise throughout everyday life and we took in our own. Love isn't sufficient to get hitched on. Love must be a piece of something greater to work in any case that affection will end. That’s why I imagine that we as society ought to make a share framework so as to make our relationships work. We need something that will cut off the separation and secure the associations. I recommend that we make a compulsory law that says all individuals paying little mind to sex, race, or religion need to open an extraordinary record at age 14 and the record must be open for at any rate 4 years. During those 4 years the state must take out 5 % of your check either yours or your folks/gatekeeper paying little mind to what sort of pay it is. You can’t contact the cash until you’re wedded and no uncommon conditions or unique treatment for anybody, and if neither you nor your folks have any pay you shouldn’t wed until you do. To be honest I can’t see w...

On a Week of IHTFP

On a Week of IHTFP Hey all, sorry to be absent for what has it been by now three weeks? Thats inexcusable for a freshman blogger! So I will have to make it up by posting much MORE often it looks like some order might be coming into my life now so this may indeed be possible But now there are a whole two months of MIT to blog about, where to start? So youre thinking about MIT You may have read about the opportunities available to you from the minute that you step onto campus as an MIT student, and perhaps thats why youd like to come. What goes on here is nothing short of amazing. Exciting. Insane. Definitely take a look at the main MIT site and other blog posts (you can even check out my first post, The Land of MIT). Wonderful? Out of this world? No, the question is Can you SURVIVE??? I lied. Thats not the real question. Even though it may seem like it. The answer is YES, you can. People will say this a million times but if you get into MIT, it IS possible. You can survive. The real question is Will you be HAPPY (at least ~50% of the time)??? Theres a reason why MITs motto is IHTFP “I Hate This F***ing Place” or “I Have Truly Found Paradise.” Most of the time, youll agree with one of them. Our emotions are usually at one of these two extremes. When we say that “MIT is hard,” we mean it. You may have to rethink your study skills. Some people just never had to study before they got here. You have to learn to manage your time. This may happen at any college, especially when you move away. Suddenly youre on your own. A million activities are thrown your way, a million possibilities for each minute, and you would go to every single one of them but there are only 24 hours in a day and you also have to get food and get done with everything early enough to get sleep â€" at least some sleep. MIT is just a liiiitle harder than most other colleges, so you have to pset and study too. (I actually believe that MIT is THE hardest college in the world, though someone said theres another school in India which may compare forgot what its called though =/) We all have our reality checks. I mean, the overwhelming trend Ive noticed at MIT is that everyone wants to take the hardest classes that they can even dream of passing. There really is a strong work ethic here. For the most part, the system (or the sanity that a few students seem to have) keeps people in classes based on their level of preparation for each course. For instance, most freshmen choose one of 8 flavors of math (18.01, 18.01A/2A, 18.014, 18.02, 18.022, 18.023, 18.024 â€" the 18.01s are types of single-variable calculus and the 18.02s are types of multi-variable calculus). I came in with Calculus BC and was able to choose from 18.02 (regular calculus), 18.022 (theory and challenging), or 18.023 (calculus with applications). (18.024 is a proof-based course that you can only take after 18.014). In my high school I was in the “honors math” sequence. I liked thinking about calculus and its applications â€" in economics, in general, in everything. Well, anyway, the point is that I heard 18.022 once described as “honors math at MIT.” When I told my advisor I was interested in the class she said, “I dont know. Thats a HARD class.” I guess the MIT freshman mentality was still in me, and I thought, Wouldnt I be wasting my time here if I wasnt challenging myself? Wont this help me be REALLY awesome at EVERYTHING having to do with math later in life? Fast forward a month to OUR FIRST MIT EXAM WEEK EVER (Weekend before) Time to lock myself in my room and do nothing but 18.022 for the test on Tuesday! Wait, theres a chem test on Wednesday? Schrodingers equation I cant do that either, but what I REALLY cant do is math. Chem after math chem after math Oh crap I also have an 18.022 pset DUE ON MONDAY? Guess Ill have to study everything else tomorrow. (Monday morning) YES! PSET HANDED IN! I totally dont know if what I did was right for half of them though. It would be NICE to get the PSET back BEFORE the test not that thats happening Oookay, for the test. Who knows how I had time to attempt this practice test? Anyway, time to compare these practice test questions with the answers pasted on the door of our professors office oh THATS how you do it, I still dont get that, I calculated that wrong, I dont get polar/cylindrical/spherical coordinates yet Im so screwed omg, hey wait the professor messed this part up too so he gave himself a 97 (later Monday) My recitation T.A. gave me entirely DIFFERENT answers for this polar/spherical/cylindrical coordinate question, let me check them theyre still different hey wait he graded himself AGAIN? (Mondays facebook status) My professor got a 94 on his own test! (Monday at 8:30, at Sport Tae Kwon Do PE, trying to decide whether to leave after the first hour or stay for another) Me to 18.022-er: Hey, are you ready for the test? 18.022-er: No. No way. Are you crazy? Are you kidding? Me to other 18.022-er: Are you ready for the test? Other 18.022-er: I actually have the math test and a comp sci test tomorrow and I havent really started studying Me: So Other 18.022-er: But Im probably going to stay for the second hour. Are you? Me: Ha, ha, hahaha! (leaves to study) (Monday at 1) Another 18.022-er: Hey, have you been studying? How much have you been studying? I bet you havent been studying Marcela. Me: Hey! You cant say anything. Ive studied for at least 6 hours by now, by the time I call it quits at 3 itll be 8 I read the whole textbook chapters that cover what were doing in class up till now, I reread them this weekend, I bought notecards and wrote every single important equation or formula on them, I took the practice tests, I met with my T.A. to go over the last three psets.. I think Im ready (Tuesday at 1) Another 18.022-er: You ready? Me: Sure You ready? 18.022-er: No. You ready? Other 18.022-er: I think so Proctor: TEST START GO (Tuesday at 1:55) Professor: Hey, everyone, Im giving you an extra five minutes! (Tuesday at 2:00) Proctor: PENCILS DOWN Tests: *handed up* 18.022-ers: 18.022-ers: X X;;;;;; 18.022-ers: X X;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; (Tuesday at 5) OK, all right. Its time to study CHEM. Ive got to pass one test this week. Ive got to do well on this one. Ugh Im breaking my resolution not to cram but I STUDIED ALL DAY AND ALL NIGHT FOR THAT 18.022 TEST THING OMG AND I SPENT SO MUCH TIME STUDYING AND I CANT BELIEVE HOW MUCH OF MY LIFE I WASTED STUDYING AND OK Marcela go study for chem. (Tuesday at 7) Another 18.022-er: Hey Marcela, the results are online! Can you open them with me? Me: OK! Another 18.022-er: OK, lets count! Me: All right, 1, 2, 3 Us: Me: Oh. Another 18.022-er: AHHH. (Wednesday at 10:30 AM, Im in the student center getting food before the chem (5.111) test at 12) Me: Oh hey 5.111-er! 5.111-er: Hey! Me: You ready for the test? 5.111-er: You know, I studied for days for that test, and I didnt study last night because I had had enough. I think Im ready. Me: And what math are you in? 5.111-er: 18.02. Why? Oh, and by the way, I got a 100 on our last test. I think a lot of people got hundreds. It was a pretty straightforward test. Me: . X____X 5.111-er: Hey, by the way, do you know what time it is? Youve got your calculator maybe that has the time? Me: Check it out, I dont know if it does though =/ Ive gotta study study STUDY (Wednesday at 11:30) 5.111-er: Lets go! Me: OK! Wait. Wheres my calculator? *looks in bag* 5.111-er: Im sure its in your bag somewhere. Where else could it be? Its not on the table. Me: But I dont seee it Ah, all right, Ill look later. (Wednesday at 11:55) Me: ZOMG WHERES MY CALCULATOR. 5.111 TA Heres a calculator you can use *hands me a scientific calculator* Me: YAYYY Wait how do you multiply things by 10^10? And wait why are these numbers disappearing after I press add or subtract? Ahhh why is time passing so fast OK Im just going to add up the powers of ten and multiply all the other numbers and then combine them and hope that I dont make stupid mistakes or run out of time (Wednesday at 12:55) Me: *rushed through the problems and just ran out of time* (Wednesday at 1:00) Me: NOW we get our psets back? And I FAILED this pset and I get it back NOW? Wow, Im going to check ALL of these psets with my 18.022 friends from now on (Wednesday at 5) Voicemail from 5.111-er from 2: AHHHH MARCELA I HAVE TWO CALCULATORS!!!!!!! (Wednesday at 11) Physics prelab english reading english writing omg OMG I CANT TAKE ANYMOREEEE (Thursday at 1) Professor: I owe you guys a BIG apology. That test was too long. As long as youre doing well on the psets, dont worry about it. Me after class: Er I didnt do too well on the last two psets even though I just barely passed the test by four points (the passing grade was a 42) Professor: Well, that might be a problem. You might have to devote more time to the class. Me: Ive been spending a LOT of time on the class. You dont even KNOW. Professor: Well, I would love it if you would stay, but if you want to switch to 18.02 you have to take the test theyre giving in an hour. Its the last test that you can take to get into 18.02. (an hour later, taking the 18.02 test) Me: Wait how do you take the inverse matrix of a 44 and how do you maximize this with dot products oh man I forgot everything in high school and were not learning this now and Im going to fail this test even worse than the other test (after the test) Me: *no energy or willpower to even say IHTFP* (Thursday at about 7) Friends: Hey, want to play DDR? Me: YES! (Friday at 12:30 AM) Me: *gets back from DDR* Me: *goes into kitchen* TV which is on: *plays The Fugitive* Me: OMG THE FUGITIVE. The Fugitive: *is watched* Me at 3 I cant take another half hour. Bedtime Friday-Sunday: LONG WEEKEND!!! Long weekend: Apple pie baking, sleeping (16 hours on Saturday), more movies, running a race for charity Me: *dreams I have Truly Found Paradise* So I ended up staying in 18.022. Before I was hesitant to ask for help, but now I work with pset groups and readily ask any and all of my friends for advice. And sometimes I can offer insights too. (Sometimes.) Perhaps this is the best way to go because: 1) First term is PASS/NO RECORD!!! 2) The class really IS interesting, especially once you start catching on =) Will it apply in real life in any special way that 18.02 would not? Perhaps not unless youre a mathematician but still, its interesting. My goal is to PASS! One thing I wanted to show you is that its important that MIT is the way it is that we dont just work hard, but we party hard. Partying doesnt mean heading out to the nearest frat party every weekend (many people but not all do!) Partying means taking time to do FUN STUFF. Hanging out with friends and having a life. Forgetting about work for a little while to take the time to hang out with the amazing people that you meet here. Not every weekend is a three day weekend, and everyone has to study at some point, but you have to LIVE. Enjoy your freedom those tests dont matter in the long run (at least freshman year! XD). Good morning!

The Organized And Unorganized Retail Potential Of India Essay

1.7 THE ORGANIZED AND UNORGANIZED RETAILING POTENTIAL IN INDIA: The position of importance occupied by the unorganized retailer may be gathered from the fact that from the numerical standpoint they account for 93% in 2012. While it is admitted that many of these units are small, and the actual turnover low, taken in the mass the results are of first class importance in the economy of the nation. Owing to their local character they are frequently in a better position to satisfy local demands; supervision is comparatively easy, and they are saved the costs and time expended by the larger departmental stores and kindred organizations by the elimination of routine procedure common to these. Then we have the undoubted advantage of the personal touch especially in a family business, where also decisions relating to general policy, buying etc. can be quickly made as occasions arise. Due to changes in the socio economic factors and changing market trends, the excellent opportunities are available for the growth of organized retailing in India. The growth of organized retailing in India in driven by the two main factors – rapid urbanization and benefits of conveniences which the consumers cannot resist. The retail pie is large enough for everyone to get a slice. Though organized retail will grow at much faster rate of 20% plus rate, but the unorganized retailing is the backbone of the trade, it will also see a very good growth in terms of value. Table -1 :Share of RetailShow MoreRelatedOrganized Retail Sector Essay1340 Words   |  6 PagesBefore the entry of organized retail sector in India, in unorganized retail sector, millions of people are forced to get their livelihood in the informal way as this was the sector where easy entry was possible with low capital and infrastructure needs and it acted as shelter for many unemployed. 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TheyRead MoreMarketing Agencies Should Collaborate With Organizations Of Unorganized Retailers For Direct Procurement From Suppliers Essay1707 Words   |  7 Pagesassociations of unorganized retailers for direct procurement from suppliers and farmers. Government marketing agencies should collaborate with these co-operatives for this purpose. 2. Ensure better credit at reasonable rates availability to unorganized from banks and micro credit institutions through innovation banking solutions for expansion and modernization of traditional retailers. Government can generate the revenues by levy a cess on the VAT on the goods sold by large organized retail sector inRead MorePotential Between India s Tier II And Tier IIi Cities Essay1361 Words   |  6 Pagespotential in India’s tier-II and tier-III cities as well. The greater availability of personal credit and a growing vehicle population providing improved mobility also contribute to a trend towards annual retail sales growth of 12.2 percent. An increasing number of people in India are turning to the services sector for employment due to the relative low compensation offered by the traditional agriculture and manufacturing sectors. The organized retail market is growing at 35 percent annually whileRead MoreA Microeconomic Analysis of Indian Retail Industry3316 Words   |  14 PagesMODERN RETAIL MICRO ECONOMICS PROJECT REPORT ABSTRACT The growing number of modern retail outlets in India on the one hand and frequent sale seasons and talks of underperformance on the other point to a mixed bag and make us wonder whether the sector is on the right growth trajectory. In this report, rather than providing with just the facts, we have tried to understand the modern retail sector from an economist’s point of view and visualize its future-whetherRead MoreThe Changing Trends Of Retailing Essay1027 Words   |  5 Pagestypes of retail organization with which is concerned could hardly be said to present a picture of long-established and stable conditions, but rather one of a branch of commerce, in a state of rapid development. It is a comparatively easy task to catalogue the various types of retail organization and trading policy, and even to estimate their relative importance, it is a much more difficult one to attempt to interpret contemporary trends which are making for change. But the problems of retail tradingR ead MoreThe Largest Private Industry Of India And Second Largest Employer After Agriculture2167 Words   |  9 PagesRetailing is the largest private industry in India and second largest employer after agriculture. This sector contributes to around 10 per cent of GDP and 6-7 per cent of employment. With over 15 million retail outlets, India has the highest retail outlet density in the world. This sector witnessed significant development in the past 10 years – from small unorganized family owned retail formats to organized retailing. Liberalization of the economy, rise in per capita income and growing consumerismRead MoreShopping Malls5817 Words   |  24 Pagesmiddle ages, though it was not called so. The concept of departmental stores came up in the 19th century with the Industrial Revolution. Consumers wanted a better shopping experience and this demand gave rise to the emergence of shopping malls in India. Originally the first of the shopping malls was opened in Paris. Then the trend followed in the other metros over the world, and there was a spree of shopping malls coming up at various places. In this age of mass production and mass consumption,Read MoreFdi in Multi Brand Retail3168 Words   |  13 PagesAnalysis of FDI in Multi Brand Retail in India Ms. Anita Nyati, Lecturer (Business Administration) ABSTRACT Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is the outcome of the mutual interest of multinational firms and host countries. The current debatable issue in India is whether to permit FDI in Multi Brand Retail (MBR) or not. This paper provides a study of various aspects of FDI in Multi Brand Retail. Firstly the paper examines the present set up of retail sector in India. Further it focuses on the benefitsRead MoreFab India Case Study1422 Words   |  6 PagesFAB INDIA Company profile †¢ History In 1958, well before American companies were sourcing from India, John Bissell left his position as a buyer for Macy’s New York to work as a consultant for the Ford Foundation in order to develop India’s export potential in its emerging textile industry. What Bissell discovered was a village-based industry with a profusion of skills hidden from the world.      Determined to showcase Indian handloom textiles while providing equitable employment to traditional

Internship Psychology and Intern Essay - 3268 Words

Psychology Internship Reaction Paper By Eric N. Self Liberty University Psyc-499 Abstract The following paper will be a reaction to the experiences within the Psychology Internship. Several topics will be covered to include behaviors that were observed as well as reasoning for said behaviors. This paper will also encompass what the overall benefit was to the intern and what, if any, changes could be made to the experience to allow a more well rounded experience. The intern involved in the Internship requirement will outline a number of topics that were covered that were highly instrumental to the overall experience and how such an experience has changed him and his overall view of the next step in his process. The intern will†¦show more content†¦This young lady was a product of a broken home, mother left approximately 12 years ago, leaving two children behind to be raised by their father. The children were never able to establish any real relationship with their mother as she lived in Northern Virginia and the children lived several hours south. The dynamics tha t were created by this scenario would ultimately cause this young girl to develop several very disturbing behaviors to include deceitfulness, manipulation, overt sexual behaviors, and an extreme desire to be accepted by the opposite sex. Add to this situation is the fact that her father is now incarcerated for molesting the eldest daughter who is now 20. The 15 year old in question was made aware of the relationship approximately 2 years ago and has been used as a pawn and somewhat of a confidant by both the victim and the father. The 15 year old girl now resides in her uncle’s (the intern) home with his wife and 3 other children. The path to where she is now has been very difficult for her; following her father’s arrest she was sent to her mother’s home along with her brother, while there, the negative behaviors created a very divisive atmosphere. The girl involved was never able to adapt to the new home with her mother and boyfriend, partly because of the mother’s physica l and emotional absence most of her life and the lack of positive parenting byShow MoreRelatedBecoming A Counselor, Therapist, Or Psychiatrist886 Words   |  4 Pages As a sophomore in college, I have a good idea what my current career goal is, related to my major in psychology, and how I think an internship will help me reach this goal. My overall career goal, or dream, is to combine my love and passion for music with my desire to help people. My major in psychology is how I plan on reaching my goal of helping people by possibly becoming a counselor, therapist, or psychiatrist. 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The Effects of Standardized Tests on Education Free Essays

Standardized tests have been debated and argued for as many years as they have existed. It is worthwhile to look at some of the arguments for both sides and find out if there can be some middle ground. Two important factors of standardized tests are the way the tests are administered and how the results are handled. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Standardized Tests on Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now These two issues may be more important than the tests themselves. There must be ways to have accountability in most areas of society. In schools, we need to know if teachers are teaching and if students are learning. There has to be some way to judge whether the system is working. Standardized tests can show students’ strengths and weaknesses. Ideally, teachers then develop strategies to address the needs of the student that the test has outlined. These tests can help predict selection at college, justification for scholarships, and selection for employment. They can document achievement, both for the student and the teacher. â€Å"The fundamental ideas behind the construction and use of tests are not beyond our understanding†. Says Andrew J. Strenio Jr.  These tests â€Å"certify that the examinee does have the requisite skills and competencies needed to graduate from high school programs, practice in an occupation or profession, or receive elevated status within a profession†. (Defending Standardized Testing; Phelps, Richard. We could not function in society without some basic standards and these standards need to be uniform throughout our society. Chauncey and Dobbin write in their book Testing: It’s Place in Education Today:â€Å"Every school and almost every teacher uses a test at some point in the process of planning instruction that will fit the student and his capacities†. Standardized testing is just a larger scale for comparison. It offers feedback to the student and the school system about where achievement is in certain areas. But it should not be the only criteria for what we consider success. There is a great deal of criticism of standardized tests. Making test scores public is a way to see them as indicators of school quality. This has increased their value 100% but not in a particularly good way. Officials use an assortment of bribes and threats to coerce everyone into concentrating on test results. If the scores are high, the bribes may include bonuses for teachers and schools. Students may receive food, tickets to theme parks or sporting events, exemptions from in-class final exams, and even scholarships. The threats include loss of funding or accreditation for schools, while students may be held back a year or denied a high school diploma if they don’t test well, regardless of their over-all academic record. All together, these tactics are known as ‘high stakes’ testing. There may not be data on this, but Alfie Kohn states â€Å"the people who work most closely with kids are the most likely to understand the limits of standardized tests. † He says that â€Å"support for testing seems to grow as you move away from the students, going from teacher to principal to central office administrator to school board member to state board member, state legislator, and governor. † 3 Standardized Minds by Peter Sacks talks about the unquestioned position of standardized testing which he terms â€Å"an unhealthy and enduring obsession†. He also writes about the cost of all this testing. â€Å"The amount Americans spend taking tests, preparing for tests, scoring tests, and running magnificently elaborate testing programs in schools, colleges and the workplace is stunning, probably running in the billions of dollars each year. It is possible that Americans may be taking as many as 600 million standardized tests annually, or more than two tests per year for every man, woman, and child in the United States. Unreasonable demands of ‘higher scores’ from schools has many negative results. Alfie Kohn says â€Å"Teachers are beginning to tire of the pressure, the skewed priorities, and the disrespectful treatment as they are forced to implement a curriculum largely determined by test manufacturers or state legislators. † A hostile environment develops as teachers feel the need to prove that low scores were not their fault. An unhealthy competition is set up between teachers. High-stakes testing has led to widespread cheating. Recently, Atlanta schools cheating scandal has been front page news. An article in Substance News by George N. Schmidt on Dec. 26, 2010 details the depth and breadth of the CRCT scandal. The article is part of series that has examined the statistically improbable gains in test scores in Atlanta schools and how school district officials responded to them. The money spent on this investigation could probably build a new school. The expectation of higher scores means teachers are more likely to â€Å"teach to the test’ and become drill sergeants. Other things like fine arts fall to the wayside as math and science are emphasized. From the book Standardized Minds: â€Å"Researchers have found consistently that one of the most damaging effects of large-scale, big-stakes standardized testing in schools has been to: (1) oversimplify what’s taught in school; and (2) to severely constrict what is taught to only those items most likely to appear on an upcoming standardized test. There is blame and consequence to cheating, whether it is outright erasures on tests or days of teaching the test. But it should help us to rethink the pressures on ‘high-stakes’ testing. Maybe the Atlanta cheating scandal can show us that our response to the test score is way out of line. School districts, schools, teachers, and students should not have to be tested under such extreme pressure. This threatening atmosphere makes cheating a likelihood. Grades and test scores don’t tell us what we really want to know about somebody. The Case Against Standardized Testing includes a list offered by educator Bill Ayers: â€Å"Standardized tests can’t measure initiative, creativity, imagination, conceptual thinking, curiosity, effort, irony, judgment, commitment, nuance, good will, ethical reflection, or a host of other valuable dispositions and attributes. What they can measure and count are isolated skills, specific facts and functions, the least interesting and least significant aspects of learning†. Maybe it is not a ‘bad test’ but how the results are handled. Daniel Koretz in Measuring Up talks about the limits of test scores. He says â€Å"What education leaders want is a fair, straight-forward measure of school performance, to be able to monitor schools and hold them accountable. The problem is that we tend to overestimate what tests can do. Tests are not designed to summarize all that students and schools can do†. By the same token Andrew Strenio states that â€Å"Standardized tests convey an illusion of much greater precision than they are actually capable of achieving†. Learning is a process and process is defined as movement, a series of actions or changes. That is what makes it hard to precisely measure. So maybe we should not pin so much on standardized tests. Instead, make them a component of the over-all measurement of quality achievement. Valerie Janesick states in The Assessment Debate that â€Å"Learning does not take place by sheer dumb chance or luck . It takes place by design†. She makes reference to Grant Wiggins saying â€Å"the goal is not instant reform or instant knowing but rather a continuous process that results in understanding†. Priscilla Vail states â€Å"Above all, parents, students, and educators must remember that a test only shows what one person did on one exercise on one day. A standardized test score is not a license to live or a measure of deserving oxygen and space on our planet. † The opportunity to demonstrate what you know can also be done with portfolio assessment, group or individual projects, and take-home exams. We should strive to create schools that help students flourish. We should also strive to hire administrators who can develop and implement new criteria for measuring achievement that could go along with the standardized tests. How to cite The Effects of Standardized Tests on Education, Essay examples

Rites of Spring by Modris Eksteins

This paper is aimed at discussing the book Rites of Spring by Modris Eksteins. In this work, he explores the underlying causes of World War I, its effects on people’s experiences, and the long-term effects of this political and social catastrophe.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Rites of Spring by Modris Eksteins specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This topic has been examined by various historians, but Modris Eksteins takes a slightly different approach to this question. The author focuses on various aspects. In particular, he speaks about the culture of the western civilization; moreover, he mentions that war, sacrifice, and violence were inseparable parts of this culture (Eksteins 15). He tries to demonstrate the link between modernism and the political history of the western world. Moreover, the writer discusses the nature of diplomatic alliances existing at the beginning of the twentieth century. In this way, the scholar attempts to identify the motives that could have prompted various states to enter into this military conflict. This source is also aimed at examining people’s perception of this war. This is why he focuses on various literary sources as well as diaries. One of the author’s intentions is to examine the way in which soldiers grappled with this war. This is why Modris Eksteins mentions the so-called Christmas Truce (Eksteins 97). Furthermore, the writer discusses the implications of World War I. For instance, this book throws light on the rise of National Socialism in Germany and Italy (Eksteins 321). Furthermore, Modris Eksteins’s book demonstrates how this military conflict paved the way to World War II.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, he refers to the Treaty of Versailles and its limitations (Eksteins 253). These are some of the main aspects that can be identified. This book does not follow a strict chronological pattern. Moreover, Modris Eksteins can draw the connections between the events that do not seem to be related. Overall, the scholar focuses on such themes as culture, attempts to adjust the word of war, and post-war beliefs and attitudes. They are critical for describing the history of the twentieth century. The scholar looks at various countries, but he takes the greatest interest in the cultural and political history of Germany. One of the most important themes examined by the writer is the peculiarities of the Western culture. At the beginning of the book, Modris Eksteins discusses the famous ballet The Rite of Spring composed by Igor Stravinsky. He attracts the readers’ attention to the idea that the idea of human sacrifice plays an important role in this artwork. In his opinion, â€Å"the celebration of life through sacrificial death† represents the spirit of the twentieth century (Ek steins 15). Eksteins argues that the modernist art, which began to emerge during that period, â€Å"transcended reason, didacticism, and moral purpose† (Eksteins 15). Moreover, it did not portray war and suffering as something outrageous. More likely, war and violence were glorified. This is one of the main aspects that can be singled out. Yet, it is important to remember that Modris Eksteins does not fully explain the causal relations between various artworks created during that period and the military conflict which engulfed the entire Europe.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Rites of Spring by Modris Eksteins specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nevertheless, one can also argue that culture simply reflected the attitudes and values of many people. It might not be the driving force of history.This is one of the limitations that should not be overlooked. The writer views culture as one of the factors that cou ld have prompted some nations to enter this war. For instance, he notes for Germans, this war was a way of expanding the influence of their culture (Eksteins 77). German intellectuals emphasized the importance of a person’s inner freedom. In their opinion, this quality distinguished Germans among other European nations. Moreover, it is vital to remember that many German artists and philosophers called for a leader who could achieve greatness for the country (Eksteins 315). The combination of these worldviews greatly contributed to the violence committed by the German state. Nevertheless, this view on World War I completely excludes economic and geopolitical considerations. Additionally, Modris Eksteins does not show why similar tendencies were not observed in other countries like France or England. So, some of his conclusions can be disputed because the scholar excludes the examples that contradicts his arguments. This is one of the points that can be made. There is another i mportant theme which should not be overlooked. In particular, one should speak about people’s attempts to reconcile the experience of war with their values, customs, or traditions. The author shows how German, British or French soldiers attempted to make this existence more acceptable or livable. In this way, they attempted to show how senseless this war had been. This is one of the issues that Modris Eksteins focuses on.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, he describes a short truce during the Christmas of 1914 (Eksteins 97). This event has been described in literary and academic sources. To examine the experiences of soldiers, Modris Eksteins examines various primary sources. Among them one can distinguish the famous novel All Quiet on the Western Front by Erich Maria Remarque. The author speaks about other sources which can show how people could adjust to war. Overall, this approach is helpful for understanding the hardships that soldiers had to overcome. Apart from that, this perspective is useful because it enables the readers to learn more about individual narratives that are often overlooked by historians. This part of Modris Eksteins’ book is probably the strongest one. The post-war existence of people is the theme that Modris Eksteins examines. The author admits that the end of World War I did not resolve many tensions and potential conflicts within Europe. He recognizes the limitations of the Versailles Tr eaty which placed the burden of responsibility for this war only on Germany (Eksteins 253). One can even say that it was a truce which only postponed war. This opinion is shared by other historians. Modris Eksteins is quite right in identifying the drawback of this treaty. Much attention is also paid to the culture which began to develop during that period. To a great extent, it reflected people’s need for peace and stability. Yet, there are some important trends that should be taken into account. The author speaks about the idealization of technology and will. This argument is particularly important if one speaks about Charles Lindbergh who became extremely famous for his non-stop flight from Long Island to France (Eksteins 243). The main problem is that such attitudes contributed to the idealization of people who claimed to posses the strength of will. Among them, one can certainly distinguish Adolf Hitler and Mussolini. To some degree, they wanted to be viewed as ideal hum an beings who had a right to govern or even subdue other people. These examples can be very convincing, but this line of reasoning is not applicable to such countries as England or the United States in which there were no autocratic leaders. This is one of the drawbacks that should not be overlooked. It is possible to say that the author wants to draw connections between the culture of modernism and political history of western civilization. One of the main points is that that modernism turned the political history of the twentieth century into a nightmare. Nevertheless, he does not want to admit the idea that modernism was just a response to the horrors of wars that broke out very often. This is one of the details that should be identified. Moreover, the scholar does not want to consider the conflicts between and within various countries which could have led to many military confrontations. As it has been said before, one cannot overlook economic and political history of western st ates. The cultural history of this period is certainly important, but it cannot be separated from areas of human activity. On the whole, this book can be of great interest to people, who are interested in the origins of World War I. This book is important for illustrating the attitudes and beliefs of people who lived at the beginning of the twentieth century. Moreover, this source may be helpful for examining the attitudes of people during the period between the two wars. Nevertheless, the author makes very broad generalizations that are not fully substantiated. Still, these limitations do not undermine the potential value of this book for a great number of readers. Works Cited Eksteins, Modris. Rites of Spring: The Great War and the Birth of the Modern Age,  New York: Mariner Books, 2000. Print. This essay on Rites of Spring by Modris Eksteins was written and submitted by user Axel C. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Complete IB Physics Syllabus SL and HL

The Complete IB Physics Syllabus SL and HL SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips I took IB Physics HL back in my high school days. It is still probably the most challenging class I have ever taken (even including my college courses), but I got a 6 on the exam, so trust me- it's doable. In this article, I'll discuss all the topics covered in IB Physics Standard Level and IB Physics Higher Level, the number of hours dedicated to each topic, and what IB expects you to know for each topic. IB Physics SL and HL Core Both IB Physics SL and HL consist of the same core requirements that consist of the same number of hours. Both classes will cover the same 8 topics (requiring 95 teaching hours) in the order listed below with the same subtopics listed below: Topic #1: Measurements and Uncertainties- 5 Hours for Both SL and HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Measurements in physics 1.1 Fundamental and derived SI units Scientific notation and metric multipliers Significant figures Orders of magnitude Estimation Uncertainties and errors 1.2 Random and systematic errors Absolute, fractional and percentage uncertainties Error bars Uncertainty of gradient and intercepts Vectors and scalars 1.3 Vector and scalar quantities Combination and resolution of vectors Topic #2: Mechanics- 22 Hours for Both SL and HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Motion 2.1 Distance and displacement Speed and velocity Acceleration Graphs describing motion Equations of motion for uniform acceleration Projectile motion Fluid resistance and terminal speed Forces 2.2 Objects as point particles Free-body diagrams Translational equilibrium Newton’s laws of motion Solid friction Work, energy and power 2.3 Kinetic energy Gravitational potential energy Elastic potential energy Work done as energy transfer Power as rate of energy transfer Principle of conservation of energy Efficiency Momentum and impulse 2.4 Newton’s second law expressed in terms of rate of change of momentum Impulse and force–time graphs Conservation of linear momentum Elastic collisions, inelastic collisions and explosions Topic #3: Thermal Physics- 11 Hours for Both SL and HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Thermal concepts 3.1 Molecular theory of solids, liquids and gases Temperature and absolute temperature Internal energy Specific heat capacity Phase change Specific latent heat Modelling a gas 3.2 Pressure Equation of state for an ideal gas Kinetic model of an ideal gas Mole, molar mass and the Avogadro constant Differences between real and ideal gases Topic #4: Waves- 15 Hours for Both SL and HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Oscillations 4.1 Simple harmonic oscillations Time period, frequency, amplitude, displacement and phase difference Conditions for simple harmonic motion Travelling waves 4.2 Travelling waves Wavelength, frequency, period and wave speed Transverse and longitudinal waves The nature of electromagnetic waves The nature of sound waves Wave characteristics 4.3 Wavefronts and rays Amplitude and intensity Superposition Polarization Wave behaviour 4.4 Reflection and refraction Snell’s law, critical angle and total internal reflection Diffraction through a single-slit and around objects Interference patterns Double-slit interference Path difference Standing waves 4.5 The nature of standing waves Boundary conditions Nodes and antinodes Topic #5: Electricity and Magnetism- 15 Hours for Both SL and HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Electric fields 5.1 Charge Electric field Coulomb’s law Electric current Direct current (dc) Potential difference Heating effect of electric currents 5.2 Circuit diagrams Kirchhoff’s circuit laws Heating effect of current and its consequences Resistance expressed as R = V/I Ohm’s law Resistivity Power dissipation Electric cells 5.3 Cells Internal resistance Secondary cells Terminal potential difference Electromotive force (emf) Magnetic effects of electric currents 5.4 Magnetic fields Magnetic force Topic #6: Circular Motion and Gravitation- 5 Hours for Both SL and HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Circular motion 6.1 Period, frequency, angular displacement and angular velocity Centripetal force Centripetal acceleration Newton’s law of gravitation 6.2 Newton’s law of gravitation Gravitational field strength Topic #7: Atomic, Nuclear and Particle Physics- 14 Hours for Both SL and HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Discrete energy and radioactivity 7.1 Discrete energy and discrete energy levels Transitions between energy levels Radioactive decay Fundamental forces and their properties Alpha particles, beta particles and gamma rays Half-life Absorption characteristics of decay particles Isotopes Background radiation Nuclear reactions 7.2 The unified atomic mass unit Mass defect and nuclear binding energy Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion The structure of matter 7.3 Quarks, leptons and their antiparticles Hadrons, baryons and mesons The conservation laws of charge, baryon number, lepton number and strangeness The nature and range of the strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force and electromagnetic force Exchange particles Feynman diagrams Confinement The Higgs boson Topic #8: Energy Production- 8 Hours for Both SL and HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Energy sources 8.1 Specific energy and energy density of fuel sources Sankey diagrams Primary energy sources Electricity as a secondary and versatile form of energy Renewable and non-renewable energy sources Thermal energy transfer 8.2 Conduction, convection and thermal radiation Black-body radiation Albedo and emissivity The solar constant The greenhouse effect Energy balance in the Earth surface–atmosphere system Bonus: Want to get a perfect SAT or ACT score? Read our famous guide on how to score a perfect 1600 on the SAT, or a perfect 36 on the ACT. You'll learn top strategies from the country's leading expert on the SAT/ACT, Allen Cheng, a Harvard grad and perfect scorer. No matter your level, you'll find useful advice here- this strategy guide has been read by over 500,000 people. Read the 1600 SAT guide or 36 ACT guide today and start improving your score. Additional Higher Level Topics These 4 topics are only for IB Physics Higher Level students- 60 hours total for HL only Topic #9: Wave Phenomena- 17 Hours for HL Only Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Simple harmonic motion (HL ONLY) 9.1 The defining equation of SHM Energy changes Single-slit diffraction (HL ONLY) 9.2 The nature of single-slit diffraction Interference (HL ONLY) 9.3 Young’s double-slit experiment Modulation of two-slit interference pattern by one-slit diffraction effect Multiple slit and diffraction grating interference patterns Thin film interference Resolution (HL ONLY) 9.4 The size of a diffracting aperture The resolution of simple monochromatic two-source systems Doppler effect (HL ONLY) 9.5 The Doppler effect for sound waves and light waves Topic #10: Fields- 11 Hours for HL only Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Describing fields (HL ONLY) 10.1 Gravitational fields Electrostatic fields Electric potential and gravitational potential Field lines Equipotential surfaces Fields at work (HL ONLY) 10.2 Potential and potential energy Potential gradient Potential difference Escape speed Orbital motion, orbital speed and orbital energy Forces and inverse-square law behaviour Topic #11: Electromagnetic Induction- 16 Hours for HL Only Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Electromagnetic induction (HL ONLY) 11.1 Electromotive force (emf) Magnetic flux and magnetic flux linkage Faraday’s law of induction Lenz’s law Power generation and transmission (HL ONLY) 11.2 Alternating current (ac) generators Average power and root mean square (rms) values of current and voltage Transformers Diode bridges Half-wave and full-wave rectification Capacitance (HL ONLY) 11.3 Capacitance Dielectric materials Capacitors in series and parallel Resistor-capacitor (RC) series circuits Time constant Topic #12: Quantum and Nuclear Physics- 16 Hours for HL Only Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand The interaction of matter with radiation (HL ONLY) 12.1 Photons The photoelectric effect Matter waves Pair production and pair annihilation Quantization of angular momentum in the Bohr model for hydrogen The wave function The uncertainty principle for energy and time and position and momentum Tunnelling, potential barrier and factors affecting tunnelling probability Nuclear physics (HL ONLY) 12.2 Rutherford scattering and nuclear radius Nuclear energy levels The neutrino The law of radioactive decay and the decay constant Options As a part of the IB Physics course, you cover additional subjects of your choosing from the list below (typically you don’t choose, but rather your teacher does). Whichever option(s) you or your teacher chooses you will cover 3 or 4 topics (15 hours total) for SL and an additional 2 or 3 topics (25 hours total) for HL. Option A: Relativity- 15 Hours for SL and HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand The beginnings of relativity A.1 Reference frames Galilean relativity and Newton’s postulates concerning time and space Maxwell and the constancy of the speed of light Forces on a charge or current Lorentz transformations A.2 The two postulates of special relativity Clock synchronization The Lorentz transformations Velocity addition Invariant quantities (spacetime interval, proper time, proper length and rest mass) Time dilation Length contraction The muon decay experiment Spacetime diagrams A.3 Spacetime diagrams Worldlines The twin paradox Additional HL Relativity Topics- 10 More Hours for HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Relativistic mechanics (HL ONLY) A.4 Total energy and rest energy Relativistic momentum Particle acceleration Electric charge as an invariant quantity Photons MeV c^–2 as the unit of mass and MeV c^–1 as the unit of momentum General Relativity (HL ONLY) A.5 The equivalence principle The bending of light Gravitational redshift and the Pound–Rebka–Snider experiment Schwarzschild black holes Event horizons Time dilation near a black hole Applications of general relativity to the universe as a whole Option B: Engineering Physics- 15 Hours for SL and HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Rigid bodies and rotational dynamics B.1 Torque Moment of inertia Rotational and translational equilibrium Angular acceleration Equations of rotational motion for uniform angular acceleration Newton’s second law applied to angular motion Conservation of angular momentum Thermodynamics B.2 The first law of thermodynamics The second law of thermodynamics Entropy Cyclic processes and pV diagrams Isovolumetric, isobaric, isothermal and adiabatic processes Carnot cycle Thermal efficiency Additional HL Engineering Physics Topics- 10 More Hours for HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Fluids and fluid dynamics (HL ONLY) B.3 Density and pressure Buoyancy and Archimedes’ principle Pascal’s principle Hydrostatic equilibrium The ideal fluid Streamlines The continuity equation The Bernoulli equation and the Bernoulli effect Stokes’ law and viscosity Laminar and turbulent flow and the Reynolds number Forced vibrations and resonance (HL ONLY) B.4 Natural frequency of vibration Q factor and damping Periodic stimulus and the driving frequency Resonance Option C: Imaging- 15 Hours for SL and HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Introduction to imaging C.1 Thin lenses Converging and diverging lenses Converging and diverging mirrors Ray diagrams Real and virtual images Linear and angular magnification Spherical and chromatic aberrations Imaging instrumentation C.2 Optical compound microscopes Simple optical astronomical refracting telescopes Simple optical astronomical reflecting telescopes Single-dish radio telescopes Radio interferometry telescopes Satellite-borne telescopes Fibre optics C.3 Structure of optic fibres Step-index fibres and graded-index fibres Total internal reflection and critical angle Waveguide and material dispersion in optic fibres Attenuation and the decibel (dB) scale Additional HL Imaging Topics- 10 More Hours for HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Medical imaging (HL ONLY) C.4 Detection and recording of X-ray images in medical contexts Generation and detection of ultrasound in medical contexts Medical imaging techniques (magnetic resonance imaging) involving nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) Option D: Astrophysics- 15 Hours for SL and HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Stellar quantities D.1 Objects in the universe The nature of stars Astronomical distances Stellar parallax and its limitations Luminosity and apparent brightness Stellar characteristics and stellar evolution D.2 Stellar spectra Hertzsprung–Russell (HR) diagram Mass–luminosity relation for main sequence stars Cepheid variables Stellar evolution on HR diagrams Red giants, white dwarfs, neutron stars and black holes Chandrasekhar and Oppenheimer–Volkoff limits Cosmology D.3 The Big Bang model Cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation Hubble’s law The accelerating universe and redshift (z) The cosmic scale factor (R) Additional HL Astrophysics Topics- 10 More Hours for HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Stellar processes (HL ONLY) D.4 The Jeans criterion Nuclear fusion Nucleosynthesis off the main sequence Type Ia and II supernovae Further cosmology (HL ONLY) D.5 The cosmological principle Rotation curves and the mass of galaxies Dark matter Fluctuations in the CMB The cosmological origin of redshift Critical density Dark energy Practical Scheme of Work You also need to complete experiments and experimental reports as a part of any IB Science course. For SL, there is 40 hours of material. For HL, there is 60 hours of material. Here are the activities: Practical activities- 20 hours for SL and 40 hours for HL Lab work in class counts towards these hours Individual investigation (internal assessment-IA)- 10 hours for SL and HL A lab project along with a report that counts as 20% of your IB exam scores (written exam counts for the other 80%) Group 4 Project- 10 hours for SL and HL Students are separated into groups and must conduct an experiment and write a report. What’s Next? Want to brush up on some physics topics? Get your physics fix (phyx?) with our articles on the specific heat of water, acceleration and how to calculate it, and the law of conservation of mass. Hoping to squeeze in some extra IB classes? Learn about the IB courses offered online. Preparing to take the SAT? Check out our complete guide to the SAT. Taking the SAT in the next month? Check out our guide to cramming. Not sure where you want to go to college? Check out our guide to finding your target school. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Job Search Myth You Don’t Need a Cover Letter

Job Search Myth You Don’t Need a Cover Letter Just about every client I work with lately brings up the rumor they’ve heard that no one reads cover letters anymore.   This rumor is ONLY a rumor and if you take action based on it, you will shoot yourself in the foot in your job search. In a recent article posted on Work Coach Cafe, â€Å"15 Job Search Tips from a Guy Who Just Got a Job,† a successful job seeker named John relates how the CEO of a company personally reached out to him to thank him for sending a cover letter!   In fact, John was the ONLY candidate to send a cover letter, most likely because everyone else believed the rumor that cover letters never get read.   John made an impression. This topic is also covered on Great Resumes Fast in â€Å"Cover Letters: Does Anybody Read Those Anymore?† The author points out that the cover letter is your opportunity to show genuine interest and to make a case that you are specifically qualified for this job. Why would you tailor your resume to a job and then write a generic cover letter?   If you are truly interested in a position, it is worth your time to write a unique letter to the company about who you are and why you would make a difference for that company.   Do not write a generic cover letter and send it along with a generic or somewhat tailored resume to zillions of job listings, hoping that you‘ll somehow win the numbers game. That is NOT the way to get a job! Instead, begin building a relationship right from the start with the company that might be your future employer.   Imagine yourself in this job and write down what you will bring to the position.   Sell yourself. Anyone can spot a cover letter that is really just a mail merge.   Remember†¦Ã‚   you are a human being and, if you get past the computer scanners, so is the person who reads your cover letter.   By writing a custom letter, you reveal your humanity and respect the humanity of the HR person or hiring manager.   If you begin early to develop a relationship with that person, you are in great shape to be asked for an interview. For help with a great cover letter and resume, contact The Essay Expert. 😉 ~ Ronnie Ann Log in to Reply

Analysis on a marketing news story which has appeared in 2013 Essay

Analysis on a marketing news story which has appeared in 2013 - Essay Example The review of the article reveals that the company wants to introduce digital marketing as a means of targeting its customer base in the United States. Analysis P & G, like its other competitors, has been following a combination of traditional and innovative marketing strategy for its products. However, keeping in view the market data and research findings of changing trends in consumers’ lifestyle, the management has decided to adjust its strategies accordingly (Serena & Vranica, 2013). After reading the article, it is inferred that the company is planning to spend more on online marketing activities of its products, owing to the fact that a vast number of Americans are expected to prefer spending more time on the internet rather than watching television. This shift in the consumers’ behaviour has in turn influenced P & G’s marketing experts to focus more on digital marketing concept (Serena & Vranica, 2013). The digital marketing concept, which involves the use of internet and mobile as a marketing channel, has been considered by the company as a replacement of its marketing campaigns on television (Ryan & Jones, 2012; Hoffman & Novak, 1996; Egan, 2007). The fact that digital marketing is cheaper and, with consumers spending more time on the internet, is more targeted, the company has aimed at spending one third of its total budget for marketing on the online advertisement and marketing campaigns in the United States (Serena & Vranica, 2013). The decision to switch from television and other traditional marketing channels to internet and mobile can be viewed as an intelligent one, since the marketing mix for the company can be developed in a more prudent manner (Ryan & Jones, 2012). As for instance, by marketing its products online, the company will be able to target its customers and inform them about products in a much more convincing and effective manner. Moreover, it will be possible for the customers to obtain information as per their respective needs, because the review of literature pertaining to digital marketing suggests that internet is an interactive marketing medium and is considered as a many-to-many model, in comparison with traditional one-to-many marketing channels (Silva & Vassiljev, 2011; Ryan & Jones, 2012). According to Hoffman and Novak (1996), internet as a marketing medium is a proficient means of communicating and advertising a product to target customers. Keeping in view the concept of â€Å"flow† which is defined as a process of optimal flow by Csikszentmihalyi (1990), Hoffman and Novak (1996) state that â€Å"when in flow in a particular Web site, a consumer will be more likely to remember the brand name, feel good about the brand, and be more likely to return on a subsequent occasion.† (p.2) These attributes of internet as a marketing medium have been taken into consideration by P & G’s marketing team, and in this regard the Chief Executive of the company has stated th at, â€Å"digital is incredibly effective, and we're doing more† (Serena & Vranica, 2013). The fact that there are some brands of the company, such as Tide and Pantene (Serena & Vranica, 2013), which have lost their respective market shares, and as a consequence the company has decided to introduce innovative strategies that may lead to capturing a significant market share in the United States. In addition to this, it is also pertinent to mention here that the company’s Chief Executive regards this strategic move of the

Issues Associated with Modern Slavery in the UK Essay

Issues Associated with Modern Slavery in the UK - Essay Example ..9 Appendix A ...................................................................................................................................11 Bibliography †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.13 Issues Associated with Modern Slavery in the UK Abstract Even in the modern era, many people all over the world are considered property by the industries they are employed by. These people are forced into labor while they are stripped from their basic human rights. Modernized human slavery includes human trafficking, bonded slavery and child labor among other examples. The institutions controlling human slavery are so strong that despite the efforts of many government bodies and NGOs they are still at large. Though such actions make the organizations enjoy low costs and high profitability because of l ower than normal wages they pay to these enslaved people, still this abomination can cause a strain on the social structure of any country. People loose their self respect and the society suffers the strain of low morality. We, as human beings, owe our society to participate in the government efforts so that we can get rid of this atrocity. Introduction Slavery can be defined as a situation where people are considered property by their employers and are therefore forced into labor and deprived from their basic human rights. In today’s world modern slavery exits in many forms which includes human trafficking, child labor and bonded slavery to name a few (See figure 1 in Appendix A). In the past two years it is estimated that roughly around 1,500 cases of slavery and human trafficking have been reported to the British police. The article ‘Modern Slavery in the United Kingdom’ highlights that there are three elements ‘of the exploitative relationship which con stitute slavery’. These are severe economic exploitation, the lack of a basic human rights framework and the control of one person over another by the prospect or reality of violence. Of the 12.3 million people enslaved in the world today, roughly 360,000 are approximated to be present in well industrialized countries, while the remaining 250,000 – 270,000 are expected to be locked in forced labor in less industrialized areas. As slavery is an illegal act executed by organized mafia, employing clandestine methods, its exact numbers will always vary from estimated studies (Craig 2007; Craig et al 2007; Engerman et al 2001). This report focuses on slavery in the UK, which includes all forms of bonded & forced labor. The approach adopted is one of a qualitative analysis across various industries within the UK, with statistics included where appropriate. Main Findings The most common form of modern day slavery is human trafficking for the purpose of sexual or forced labor. However, human trafficking is not always easy to identify as a case of modern day slavery as it may be disguised as any of a variety of other offenses. In 2007, the Child Exploitation & Online Protection Centre (CEOP) conducted a study in the UK which resulted in the exposure of 330 suspected & confirmed cases of trafficked children in the country. Of these 183 went missing from social services care. This study concluded that there is a dire lack of awareness of trafficking among those involved with child & teen labor (Yorkshire Post 2007). Many councils

Factors Influencing Brand Loyalty Among Notebook Users

Factors Influencing Brand Loyalty Among Notebook Users In this new era of globalization, the rapid development of the technology is growing so fast and more challenge to manufacturers or marketers. A huge number brand of notebook was in the market and more competitive among the manufacturer. It is easily to customers or users to switching to another brand if they feel not satisfied with current brand and choose the better notebook brand. So this study was to determine the factors that influencing brand loyalty among notebook users. The data was collected by questionnaire survey at Universiti Utara Malaysia. This study found that satisfaction is the most factors that can influence users loyal to the notebook brand. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of Study In this era of globalization, rapid development in technology is not something strange and familiar to us. Advances in telecommunications, information system and society knowledge is in line with changes occurring in technology. Furthermore, in this 21st century, the international community has shifted from the industrial era into the era of information technology without borders. As well as the growth of new technology devices such as mobile phones, laptops, cameras, and others where many additional features offered in these devices. Once a notebook may be categorized as luxury goods, but with the times as well as improved quality of life we can have it. Notebook technology is one of the tools that community choose because of the characteristics who are always renewed by the marketers. Notebook are designed as a tool that is easy to carry anywhere, small and light to be placed on a individual lap when using it. Manufacturers often refer to laptop as notebooks, this is to avoid warm thigh complaints from customers and consequent opportunist liability suits (Wikipedia, 2007). The use of laptops is very wide so that the whole world. The rapid growth in the technology sector is also effect increasing the number of competitors in the market. This cause-marketers and also academicians or practitioners focus on customer decision making in the purchase of a portable PC industry (Nasir, et al., 2006). To satisfy the customer would be something quite challenging in the modern business world. What customers want and how they think are the questions often played in the minds of marketers or companies. Complex in users mind contribute to volatility in profits. When customers loyal to a brand or company, they indirectly help them expand market share, increase bottom line and sustain companys advantage. Brand shows a reputation of a companys through their products or services. Brand is also a sign that memorable in the minds of customers. The American Marketing Association defines a brand as a name, term, sign, symbol or design, or a combination of prototype, intended to identify the goods or services of one seller or group of sellers, and to differentiate from bear fight them of the competitors (Kotler, et al., 2009). Brand can become the heart of marketing and business strategy. Success of the brand is able to generate profits by attracting new customers and retain existing customers. With the brand, it is a sign of the signal in some level of quality which the buyer is satisfied with the easy to choose any of the products. Brand loyalty provides a forecast of demand for the company and may also explain the willingness of customers to pay for higher price. Although competitors are easy to duplicate the process and product design, they are not easy to match the description in the individual and the organization from year to year in any marketing and product development. Therefore, the brand became a very influential in the world competition. ListenRead phoneticallyAccording to Malaysia Laptop (2008), top ten notebooks for October 2008 are: Compaq Presario CQ40 Acer Extensa 4620Z Acer Aspire One Acer Aspire 2920Z HP Pavilion dv5 HP Pavilion dv2700 Acer Aspire 4530 Apple MacBook ASUS Eee PC 1000H Dell Latitude E6500 In 1986, battery powered portable computers had just 2% worldwide market share. But today, notebooks are becoming increasingly popular, both for business and personal use (Economics, 2005). In 2008, it is estimated that 145.9 million notebooks were sold and in 2009 the number grow to 177.7 million. The third quarter of 2008 was the first time when notebook PC shipments exceeded desktops, with 38.6 million units versus 38.5 million units. 1.2 Problem Statement Notebook were originally considered to be a small niche market and were thought suitable mostly for specialized field applications such as the military, accountants and sales representative. But today, notebooks are becoming more popular for student and general use. In addition, new products of notebook launches to the market, acquisitions and mergers in the sector, rapid developments in the nano technology, integrated wireless networking and decreased price make the customer are more influence to buy a notebook (Nasir et al., 2006) which at the same brand or may switch to other brand. This study intended what are the factors that influence notebooks users to be loyal of the notebook brand. 1.3 Research Questions Bases on the discussion earlier in the background of the problem, the research question developed will be: Does price influence brand loyalty among notebook users? Does brand name influence brand loyalty among notebook users? Does promotion influence brand loyalty among notebook users? Does features influence brand loyalty among notebook users? Does satisfaction influence brand loyalty among notebook users? 1.4 Research Objective The objectives of this research are: To determine whether Price influence brand loyalty among notebook users. To determine whether Brand Name influence brand loyalty among notebook users. To determine whether Promotion influence brand loyalty among notebook users. To determine whether Features influence brand loyalty among notebook users. To determine whether Satisfaction influence brand loyalty among notebook users. 1.5 Significance of Study In general, this study is to help marketers and consumers in order to develop more effective marketing strategies. This study also allows us to identify what is the real motivation that exists inside of every made of purchase and what is needed by the user. Therefore, more efficient marketing activities will be implemented. Marketers also can predict the reaction shown by the user of their marketing strategies that has been implemented. And marketers can look whether the strategies that are practiced can maintain the customer that are loyal to their products and also can attract other customers to buy their products. This study is expected to provide useful information in marketing to attract the loyalty to the brand. 1.6 Scope of the Study The study was conducted that involving notebook user. In this study, questionnaire will be formed and it will be complemented by the notebook user. In addition, the collection of secondary sources is also used in this study. This includes the findings of several studies carried out by several previous researchers, journals, books and resources derived from electronic media such as the internet. 1.7 Limitations of the Study Since this study includes some students at the Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), the results of this study is more relevant applied to the student in UUM. These findings did not reflect the entire population of notebook users in Malaysia as a whole, the factors influencing brand loyalty among notebook users. This study was carried out in a relatively short period, time constraints also exist. If this study can be implemented in the longer term, the material or related information can be increased in further. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction This chapter review literatures in the context of this study. In this section, discussion will be based on the brand loyalty and factors that influence brand loyalty such as price, brand name, promotion, features and satisfaction among notebook users. Research framework and research hypothesis are also discussed in this chapter. 2.2 Brand Loyalty Loyalty reflects the strength of the relationship between individual attitudes and repurchase. It contains a number of objectives in planning marketing strategies and describes the development of fundamental importance in maintaining a competitive advantage. For example, customers remain loyal to the brand of the same product, the suppliers or services providers in the long term and not easily changed. They also showed their loyalty to the brand by spread kindness to others. Listen Read phonetically Brand loyalty is a commitment by consumer to repurchase or continue to using the current brand. It can be look by the repeated buying in a variety of market context such as product, service, and store. Loyalty is thought to be important for market practitioners for a number of reasons such as generating greater profits, brand extension and increase market share (Thiele Mackay, 2001). Building brand loyalty requires investment in marketing programs that are target to the current and potential customer. Consumers that are loyal only repurchase the same brand even there is an alternative brand in the market. Marketers often pay attention to identify the characteristics of brand loyal consumers and the degree of brand loyalty of consumers so that they can directly and effectively focus their marketing and promotional strategies on these consumers who share similar characteristics among the large population (Lau, et al., 2006). Previous study shows that the brand loyalty is measured by behavioural and attitudinal loyalty. Typically, brand loyalty is defined with reference to either attitudinal or behavioural components (Bennett, et al., 2007)). Behavioural loyalty measures defined brand loyalty in terms of the actual purchase observed over a time period and attitudinal loyalty measures are based on stated preferences, commitment or purchase intention (Thiele Mackay, 2001). A variety of factors also have been found to impact the development of brand loyalty. Lau, et al., (2006) found that brand name, style and promotion are the key brand factors of customer loyalty. Others authors have reported that advertising, price and brand have a significant impact on brand loyalty (Othman Ping, 2006). Sales encounter satisfaction, in turn, leads to brand loyalty by enhancing brand attitude and salesperson loyalty (Brexendorf, et al., 2009). 2.3 Factors of Brand Loyalty 2.3.1 Price Price is one of the important factors that affect on brand loyalty. Consumers with high brand loyalty are willing to pay for a high price for their favourite brand, so their purchase intention is not easily affected by price. In addition, customers have a strong belief in the price and value of their favourite brands so much so that they would compare and evaluate prices with alternative brands (Sidek Yee, 2008). Dovaliene Virvilaite (2008), state that price is one of the most flexible marketing mix elements that can be quickly changed, after changing specific product and service characteristics. People with higher incomes and higher product involvement willingly pay more for features, customer service, quality, added convenience and the brand name (Kotler, et al., 2009). Price variations for consumers favourite brand may only affect their purchase quantity but not their brand choice decision. Consumer satisfaction can also be built by comparing price with perceived costs and value (Lau, et al., 2006). The results from the previous study show that price have a significant to influence on brand loyalty (Lau, et al., 2006; Sidek Yee, 2008; Othman Ping, 2006). Based on the above discussion, the first hypotheses should be as follows: H1: There is significant and positive relationship between price and brand loyalty among notebook users. 2.3.2 Brand Name The brand name is quite often used interchangeably within brand, although it is more correctly used to specifically denote written or spoken linguistic elements of any product. In this context a brand name constitutes a type of trademark, if the brand name exclusively identifies the brand owner as the commercial source of products or services. Famous brand name can disseminate the benefit of product and lead to higher recall of an advertised benefit than a non-famous brand name (Kotler, et al., 2009). They are many unfamiliar brand names and alternatives available in the market place. Consumers may prefer to trust the major famous and popular brand name (Lau, et al., 2006). These prestigious brand names and their image attract consumers to purchase the brand, affect repeat purchasing behaviour and reduce price related switching behaviours. Consumers are more sensitive to brand name and usually used it in buying decision. This lead to the second hypothesis: H2: There is significant and positive relationship between brand name and brand loyalty among notebook users. 2.3.3 Promotion Promotion is one of the four elements of marketing mix (product, price, promotion, distribution). It is the communication link between sellers and buyers for the purpose of influencing, informing, or persuading a potential buyers purchasing decision. Promotion includes the use of advertising, sales promotions, personal selling and publicity (Kotler, et al., 2009). Promotion is an important element of a firms marketing strategy. Advertising induces brand loyalty in consumers who would otherwise purchase the cheapest alternative on the market. Firms first invest in advertising, and then compete in prices for the remaining brand indifferent consumers (Chioveanu, 2008). Sales promotions are typically viewed as temporary incentives that encourage the trial of a product or service (DelVecchio, et al., 2006). Promotion was considered as one of the most important factors in determining a consumers brand loyalty (Sidek Yee, 2008). Therefore, the third hypothesis is developed as follows: H3: There is significant and positive relationship between promotion and brand loyalty among notebook users. 2.3.4 Features Features are qualities or characteristics of the product or service. According to decision making model, consumers process the environmental cues; the physical factors of the product, psychosocial cues such, such as advertising, and consumers put these cues into a set of perceptions that shape their preferences (Hong Lerch, 2002). Based on these preferences, consumers make their choices subject to situational constraints, such as price and people evaluate various objective features when buying an IT product (Hong Lerch, 2002). Nasir et al., (2006) find that features are a factor that influences consumers laptop purchase decision. Hence, the fourth hypothesis shall be as follows: H4: There is significant and positive relationship between features and brand loyalty among notebook users. 2.3.5 Satisfaction Satisfaction is a measure of how products and services supplied by a company meet or surpass customer expectation. The impact of satisfaction on loyalty has been the most popular subject of studies. (Ha, et al., 2009) state that power of satisfaction significantly lies in its ability to reinforce brand loyalty formation. Similarly, the satisfaction had a significant influence on loyalty (Kuusik Varblane, 2009). A minor change in satisfaction can lead to a substantial change in loyalty increment. Moreover, a small increase in customer satisfaction boosted customer loyalty dramatically (Bowen Chen, 2001). The customers will feel satisfied when the goods are beyond their expectation and otherwise when their expectations are beyond the goods actual condition (Sheng Liu, 2010). The discussion leads to the development of the fifth hypothesis: H5: There is significant and positive relationship between satisfaction and brand loyalty among notebook users. 2.4 Theoretical Framework The dependent variable in this study is brand loyalty. The independence variables are price, brand name, promotion, features and satisfaction. CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction The research methodology involved the administration of questionnaire on a sample of accounting students. This section outlines the operational definition, instrument and measurement of variables, data collection and sampling 3.2 Research Design Aspects of the study include demographic factors like gender, race, education level, age, and notebook brands that respondent have (Part 1) while Part 2 is to assess the factors influencing brand loyalty among notebook users. The questions in part 2 are divided into six key dimensions of price, brand name, promotion, features, satisfaction and brand loyalty. Unit of analysis in a study comprised of individuals, groups, organisations and societies. Unit of analysis is a key feature that will be analyzed in an investigation. Individuals selected as the unit of analysis in this study in which students from UUM, Sintok. It is to examine the factors that influence them to be loyalty to the notebook brand. This study using a survey method whereby questionnaire form will be used because it is more beneficial than other methods of data collection such as interviews and observations. Questionnaire will be distributed to UUMs students because most of the UUM students use notebook for their learning. 3.3 Operational Definition Price the degree to which the notebook users that price  can influence them be loyalty to notebook brand. Brand Name the degree to which the notebook users that brand name  can influence them be loyalty to notebook brand. Promotion the degree to which the notebook users that promotion  can influence them be loyalty to notebook brand. Features the degree to which the notebook users that features can  influence them be loyalty to notebook brand. Satisfaction the degree to which the notebook users that satisfaction  can influence them be loyalty to notebook brand. 3.4 Instrument and Measurement of Variables The questionnaire was divided into two parts. Part 1 of the questionnaire consists of demographic information such as gender, age, and education level. Part 2 contains questions on factors which influence brand loyalty such as price, brand name, promotion, features and satisfaction. It also contains a question on brand loyalty. The entire question in Part 2 using a five point Likert scale (1= strongly agree to 5 = strongly disagree). 3.5 Data Collection Data collection is divided into primary and secondary data. Primary data is from original source. Secondary data is data collected by previous researchers. In this study, data secondary as journals, reference books and the Internet data collected to obtain an overview of the study. Secondary data also provide an initial overview for researchers and makes a deeper study. Primary data is used to help answer research questions and test hypotheses based on studies objectives. So, to test this hypothesis, a questionnaire was chosen as the primary method of data collection. Beneficial uses of these questionnaires are: Help researchers get the data easily. Information in a simple questionnaire to be encoded. Advantages to the scientific research on which measurements are valid and reliable. Easily answered by the respondents. Data can be obtained by mail, this means that research can be conducted even though the extent of geographical breadth. More efficient when compared to the interview method. Respondents answer truthfully honest answer without fear (Hair, et al., 2007). 3.6 Sampling Hair, et al. (2007) defined a few procedures in the sampling process. The procedures are: Defining the target population. Choosing the sampling frame. Selecting the sampling method. Determining the sample size. Implementing the sampling plan. The population in this study consisted of all students of UUM with the number of 31, 251 students are PhD students from about 1,186 students, a total of 44 Graduate Diploma students, Graduate After Diploma total of 780 students, a total of 4,030 Postgraduate students and the Undergraduate student is about 25,211 students. The sample in this study is the Undergraduate and Postgraduate students of UUM COB. Respondents were selected by convenience sampling in which samples are available to choose to participate in this study and may provide necessary information. Convenience sampling was chosen because of time constraints inherent in this study. The population or the unit of analysis for this research will be the College of Business (COB) students in Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM). These COB students of UUM were chosen because COB has a large number of students under them. 3.7 Data Collection Method The questionnaire will distribute to COB students. Responses given by COB students in answering questionnaire is the most important resource in term of data collection. Findings of this study are one of the instruments that can measure the factors influencing brand loyalty among notebook users. 3.8 Method of Data Analysis Some statistical analysis was used to analyze the data in this study. All data were analyzed using the statistical package for social science (SPSS) software version 12.0. Descriptive analysis was used to see or understand the demographics of the respondents in this study. This method was also used to examine the dimensions of the study variables. To test the reliability of each factor influencing brand loyalty, the Cronbach coefficient alpha is used. The size of the correlation coefficient is used to quantitatively describe the strength of the association between two or more variables. The Pearson correlation was also used to measure the relationship between two variables. This analysis explains the positive or negative relationship between the two variables. Multiple regression analysis was used to analyze the dependent variable and several independent variables. It determine the relative importance of others independent variable in predicting the dependent variable. CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 4.1 Introduction This chapter discusses the findings derived from data collected by the respondents who participated in this study. This chapter will also discuss the descriptive analysis for respondents demographic, the reliability of the factors and multiple regression analysis. 4.2 Respondents Demographic This study has a total of 31 respondents. Respondents demographic were asked in Part A that is gender, race, education level, age and notebook brand. The summarizing of the result from this part is show in Table 4.2.1 below. The table show that the ratio of both genders is 25.8% for male and 74.2% for female. So the percentages of female students are higher than male students. The results also show the race of the respondents where Malay consists of 17 students (54.8%), Chinese consists of 9 students (29.0%) and Indian consists of 5 students (16.1%). In education level, the number of undergraduate students that involves in this study is 22 students (71.0%) and postgraduate are 9 students (29.0%). And in age distribution, Table 4.1.1 shows that the higher percentage was 74.2% for 24 years and below, 22.6% for 25-35 years and 3.2% for 45 years and above. The result also show that most of the respondents use Compaq brand that consist of 9 students (29.0%) followed by Acer brand that consist of 8 students (25.8%). For HP brand consists of 5 students (16.1%), Dell brand consists of 3 students (9.7%), Toshiba and Lenovo brand consists of 2 students (6.5%) and last one is FTEC and Sony brand that only 1 students (3.2%). Demographic Variables Frequency Percent (%) Gender Male 8 25.8 Female 23 74.2 100.0 Race Malay 17 54.8 Chinese 9 29.0 Indian 5 16.1 100 Education Level Undergraduate (degree) 22 71.0 Postgraduate (master) 9 29.0 100.0 Age 24 years and below 23 74.2 25-35 years 7 22.6 45 years and above 1 3.2 100 Notebook Brand HP 5 16.1 Compaq 9 29.0 Dell 3 9.7 Acer 8 25.8 Sony 1 3.2 Toshiba 2 6.5 Lenovo 2 6.5 FTEC 1 3.2 100.0 4.3 Reliability Tests In this study, the reliability test is used to measure the coefficient and consistency each variables. The internal consistency reliability showed by coefficient alpha, also referred to as Cronbachs alpha. Hair et al., (2007) show the guidelines for the reliability as rules-of-thumb to interpret alpha values (Table 4.3.1). Table 4.3.1 Roles of Thumb about Cronbach-Alpha Coefficient Alpha Coefficient Range Strength of Association Poor 0.6 to Moderate 0.7 to Good 0.8 to Very good > 0.9 Excellent From the test, it was found that the Cronbach alpha for price factor is 0.567 from 4 variables item. For brand name factor, each of the 4 variables item to total correlation at moderate strength is 0.655 and for promotion factor the Cronbach alpha is at 0.635 from total correlation of 4 variables item. In features factor, each of the 4 variables item to total correlation was at moderate strength is 0.692. The Cronbach alpha for satisfaction factor is 0.909; total correlation of 5 variables item and for brand loyalty, the Cronbach alpha was 0.943 from 4 variables item. Table 4.3.2 illustrates the Cronbach alpha of the variables. Table 4.3.2 Cronbach Alpha of Variables Variable Cronbach Alpha Price 0.567 Brand Name 0.655 Promotion 0.635 Features 0.692 Satisfaction 0.909 Brand Loyalty 0.943 4.4 Hypotheses Testing To test the hypotheses in chapter 2, the Pearson correlation was use. This Pearson correlation can measures the linear association between two metric variables. It was range from -1.00 to +1.00 and zero representing no association between the two metrics variables. -1.00 and +1.00 show the perfect correlation or association between the two metrics variables. The correlation can be positive or negative depending on the direction of the relationship between the variables (Hair et al., 2007). 4.4.1 First Hypotheses H1: There is significant and positive relationship between price and brand loyalty among notebook users. The result show that correlation between price and brand loyalty is -0.641 and the significance level is 0.000. It is found that price have a negative relationship with brand loyalty which the significance level is small (p If the notebook providers increase the value of the price, it influenced the notebook users not to stay or loyal to the same brand because the price is more expensive that before and price not the factor that influencing brand loyalty among notebook users. Table 4.4.1 Correlation between Price and Brand Loyalty Price Loyalty Price Pearson Correlation 1 -.641(**) Sig. (2-tailed) . .000 Loyalty Pearson Correlation -.641(**) 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 . ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). 4.4.2 Second Hypotheses H2: There is significant and positive relationship between brand name and brand loyalty among notebook users. The result show that correlation between brand name and brand loyalty is 0.538 and the significance level is 0.002. It is found that brand name have a positive relationship with brand loyalty which the significance level is small (p In other words, if the notebook providers more emphasizes on their notebooks brand name it can increase the users loyalty to the brand because they believe that the brand is reputable, prestigious and attract them more to purchase from the same brand. So brand name can influenced brand loyalty among notebook users. Table 4.4.2 Correlation between Brand Name and Brand Loyalty Brand Name Loyalty Brand Name Pearson Correlation 1 .538(**) Sig. (2-tailed) . .002 Loyalty Pearson Correlation .538(**) 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .002 . ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). 4.4.3 Third Hypotheses H3: There is significant and positive relationship between promotion and brand loyalty among notebook users. The result show that correlation between promotion and brand loyalty is 0.422 and the significance level is 0.018. It is found that promotion have a positive relationship with brand loyalty which the significance level is small (p Promotion is need for all the marketers to introduce their product or services to the customer. So, if the notebook provider more emphasis on their promotion, the number of loyal customer to their brand more increases. It shows that promotion one of the factors that influencing brand loyalty among notebook users. Table 4.4.3 Correlation between Promotion and Brand Loyalty Promotion Loyalty Promotion Pearson Correlation 1 .422(*) Sig. (2-tailed) . .018 Loyalty Pearson Correlation .422(*) 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .018 . * Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). 4.4.4 Fourth Hypotheses H4: There is significant and positive relationship between features and brand loyalty among notebook users. The result show that correlation between features and brand loyalty is 0.383 and the significance level is 0.033. It is found that features have a positive relationship with brand loyalty which the significance level is small (p < 0.05). This means it is failed to reject the hypotheses of there